AÃmlphnsâ hntijW§Ä
AÂ CdmZx
A CdmZ F¶m Dt±in¡Â F¶p hnh£. AÃmlphn\pÅ hntijW§fn H¶mWnXv. Xsâ AdnthmSpIqsS Hcp Imcyw DWvSmhWsa¶v AÃmlp Dt±in¡pt¼mgmWv temI¯v Hmtcm Imcyhpw kw`hn¡p¶Xv. DWvSmhm³ km[yXbpÅ Bdp Imcy§fn NneXv AÃmlphnsâ AdnthmsS Hcp hkvXphn kw`hn¡p¶XmWv ChnsS Dt±in¡Â F¶Xp sImWvSv kqNn¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xv.
DWvSmIÂ, CÃmXmIÂ, IgnhpIÄ hntijW§Ä, Ime§Ä, Øe§Ä, `mK§Ä F¶nhbn \n¶pÅ NneXmWv kw`hn¡p¶Xv.
Htc ac¯n \n¶v \nÝnXhkvXp¡Ä `£Wambn D]tbmKn¡p¶ hnhn[ PohnIÄ sshhn[yamÀ¶ coXnbn Ah hnkÀPn¡p¶Xv AÃmlphnsâ khntijamb Dt±iy^eambmWv. tX\o¨IÄ tX\pw, ]«p\q ]pgp ]«pw CXc ]£nIÄ ImjvThpamWtÃm hnkÀPn¡p¶Xv.
Hmtcm hkvXp¡fpsSbpw ]cnkc¯n “DWvSmIÂ’, Asæn “CÃmXncn¡Â’ F¶XmWv kw`hn¡p¶Xv. CXv apgph³ hkvXp¡fnepw s]mXphmbn DWvSmhpIbpw sN¿pw. AtXkabw, Hmtcm hkvXphn\pw {]tXyIambpWvSmhp¶ hÀWw, hntijWw, Øew F¶nh amdpIbpw sN¿pw.
“CdmZ’bpsS t\Àhn]coXambn hcp¶ hntijWamWv IdmlXv. IoÀ¯n¡Â F¶mWnXnsâ AÀ°w. AÃmlphns\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw \njn²amb (apkvXloÂ) hntijWamWnXv.
AÃmlphnsâ khntij Dt±iys¯ ASbmfs¸Sp¯m³ CdmZXv, aioAXv F¶o cWvSp ]Z§Ä km[mcWKXnbn D]tbmKn¡s¸SmdpWvSv. cWvSpw kzXth Htc AÀ°amWpÄs¡mÅp¶Xv.
_u²nI sXfnhv
BImi `qanIfpsS {kjvSmhpw ]cn]meI\pamb AÃmlp kzbw Dt±in¡p¶h\pw hn[nIÀ¯mhpambncn¡pI A\nhmcyamb ImcyamWv. Ah³ kzbw Dt±in¡p¶h\pw hn[nIÀ¯mhpasæn asämcmfpsS IoÀ¯\¡v hnt[b\mthWvSn hcpw. {kjvSmhns\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw CXv hensbmcp \yq\Xbpw kw`hn¡m³ ]mSnÃm¯XpamsW¶v {]tXyIw ]dtbWvSXnÃtÃm. AÃmlp Imcy§Ä kzbw Xocpam\n¡p¶h\pw hn[n¡p¶h\pambn«nsæn Ah³ asämcmfpsS BÚm]\§Ä¡pw IÂ]\IÄ¡pw hnt[bambh\mbn¯ocpw. kzbw IgnhpÅh\pw \ncm{ib\pamWv F¶ ssZhnI hntijWhpambn CXv kacks¸«p t]mhpIbnà Xm\pw.
{]mamWnI sXfnhv
“\nsâ c£nXmhv CÑn¡pIbmsW¦n `qapJ¯pÅhscm¶S¦w hnizkn¡pambncp¶p.’ (ÑÈß áÇãä ãä Ýí ÇáÇÑÖ ßáåã ÌãíÚÇ æáæÔÇÁ)
(ÇäãÇ ÞæáäÇ ÇÐÇ ÇÑÏäÇ Çä äÞæá áå ßä Ýíßæä)
Úm\w (AÂ CÂav)
AÃmlphn\v ]tWvS¡p]tWvSbpÅXpw Fs¶¶pw \ne\n¡p¶Xpamsbmcp hntijWamWv CÂav. AhyàXsbm¶pw IqSmsX Hmtcm hkvXphnepw AXv k¼qÀW coXnbn kw`hn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p.
AÃmlp Hmtcm hkvXp¡sf Ipdn¨pw ]tWvS AdnhpÅh\mWv. Ah¡v `qXIme¯v kw`hn¨Xns\ Ipdn¨pw Ct¸mÄ kw`hn¡p¶Xns\ Ipdn¨pw `qanbn kw`hn¡m\pÅXns\ Ipdn¨pw Ah³ Ft¸mgpw AdnhpÅh\mWv.
Plvev (AÚX) F¶XmWv CÂansâ hn]coX hntijWw. AÃmlphns\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw DWvSmhm³ ]mSnÃm¯ hntijWamWnXv. C{]Imcw Xs¶ Dd¸nÃm¯ [mcW, A{i², kwibw XpS§nb hntijW§fpw. Ahsâ Úm\w Hmtcm hkvXp¡fnepw s]mXphmb coXnbnemWv kw`hn¡p¶Xv.
_u²nI sXfnhv
AÚX F¶Xv s]mXphmb AÀ°¯n \yq\XbmWv. {kjvSmhmb AÃmlphn\v CsXmcn¡epw DWvSmhm³ ]mSnÃm¯Xpw.
AXohk¦oÀWhpw AXnkq£vahpw F¶m kpZrVhpamb sFlnI temIs¯ \mw Znt\\ IWvSpsImWvSncn¡p¶p. acp`qanIfnse aW¯cnIÄ¡pw almkap{Z§fnse shůpÅnIÄ¡pw hr£§fnse ImbvI\nIÄ¡pw CeIÄ¡pw IXncpIfnse [m\yaWnIÄ¡pw \nanjt\c§Ä sImWvSv Xs¶ amä§Ä kw`hn¡p¶p. Ahsb Ipdn¨v hyàambn Adnbp¶ Hcp kÀhÚsâ {InbmßIamb km¶n[yanÃmsX C{Xbpw k¦oÀWamb Chb{Xbpw {]hÀ¯\£aamhpI Akw`hyamWv. ChbpsS apgph³ LSI§sf Ipdn¨pw hyàamb AdnhpÅ Hcmfmbncn¡Ww AXv \nb{´n¡p¶Xv. AÃmlphn\ÃmsX asämcmÄ¡pw CXv km[yhpaÃ.
{]mamWnI sXfnhv
1. Çä Çááå Èßá ÔíÆ Úáíã
2 ÇáÇ íÚáã ãä ÎáÞ æåæ ÇááØíÝ ÇáÎÈíÑ
3. íÚáã ãÇ Ýí ÇáÓãæÇÊ æÇáÇÑÖ æíÚáã ãÇ ÊÓÑæä æãÇ ÊÚáäæä æÇááå Úáíã ÈÐÇÊ ÇáÕÏæÑ
IgnhpWvSmh (A JpZvd)
AÃmlphn\v DWvSmh \nÀ_Ôamb asämcp hntijWamWnXv. AÃmlp Dt±in¡pt¼mgmWv Hmtcm hkvXphn\pw IgnhpIÄ krjvSn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. ImcW§fpsS km¶n[y¯nepw AÃm¯ Ahkc§fnepw Xm\nÑn¨ Imcy§Ä bmYmÀ°yam¡m³ AÃmlphn\v IgnhpWvSv. Xo I¯n¡p¶Xp aqew IcnbpI, `£Ww Ign¡p¶Xp ImcWw hbdp \ndbpI XpS§nbh ImcW§Ä hgn km[yamhp¶hbpsS DZmlcWw. CXp {]Imcw Xs¶ {]IrXnbnse Hmtcm kw`h§fpw ImcW§fnÃmsXbpw kw`hn¡mw; AÃmlphnsâ Ignhn\p ap¶n {]Xn_Ô§sfm¶pw Xs¶ DWvSmhpIbnÃ.
F¶mÂ, shdpw Ignhp sImWvSv, AXmbXv XobmWv Icn¡p¶sX¶v hnizkn¡m³ ]mSnÃ. AXv CkvemanIhr¯¯n \n¶v ]pd¯p t]mhm³ hsc ImcWambn¯ocpsa¶v ]ÞnX·mÀ A`n{]mbs¸«n«pWvSv.
APvkv (AiàX) BWv JpZvdXnsâ hn]coXambn hcp¶ s]mXphntijWw. AÃmlphn\v Akw`hyamWnXv.
_u²nI sXfnhv
Cu temIhpw AXnepÅ FÃm hkvXp¡fpw ]pXpXmbn DWvSmbXmWv. AXmbXv, CÃmbvabn \n¶v DWvSmbXmWv F¶À°w. ]pXpXmbn DWvSmhp¶ Hmtcm hkvXphn\pw Hcp {kjvSmhv A\nhmcyamWv. {]kvXpX hkvXphns\ CÃmbvabn \n¶v krjvSn¡m\pw kwlcn¡m\pw Htckabw IgnhpÅh\mbncn¡Ww Ah³. Chs¡Ãmw kz´ambn IgnhpWvSmhpI F¶ hntijWw thWw. Ah³ Aià\msW¦n temI¯v H¶pw krjvSn¡m³ km[yaÃ. AXpsImWvSv Xs¶ AÃmlphn\v IgnhpWvSmh F¶ hntijWw Ahsâ AkvXnXzw cq]s¸Sp¶Xn\v \nÀ_Ôamsbmcp hntijWamWv.
{]mamWnI sXfnhv
1. Çä Çááå Úáì ßá ÔíÆ ÞÏíÑ
2. æãÇ ßÇä Çááå áíÚÌÒå ãä ÔíÆ Ýí ÇáÓãæÇÊ æáÇ Ýí ÇáÇÑÖ Çäå ßÇä ÚáíãÇ ÞÏíÑÇ
Poh\pWvSmh (A lbmXv)
AÃmlphn\v DWvSmIÂ \nÀ_Ôamb hntijW§fnsem¶mWnXv. AÃmlphn\v BZytabpÅXpw
Fs¶¶pw \ne\n¡p¶Xpamb Cu hntijW¯ns\m¸w IgnhpWvSmhpI(JpZvd), Dt±in¡Â(CdmZ), Úm\apWvSmhÂ(CÂav), tIÄhnbpWvSmhÂ(kwAv), ImgvNbpWvSmhÂ(_kzdv), kwkmctijnbpWvSmhÂ(Iemw) F¶o hntijW§fpw DWvSmthWvSXpWvSv. CXv AÃmlphÃmsX asämcmÄ¡pw ]qÀWamb coXnbn DWvSmhpIbpanÃ.
auXv(acWw/ Poh\nÃmXncn¡Â) F¶XmWv lbmXnsâ t\Àhn]coX Znibn hcp¶ hntijWw. CXv AÃmlphn\v DWvSmhm³ ]mSnÃm¯XmWv.
_u²nI sXfnhv
Poh\pWvSmh F¶Xv ]qÀWXbpsS hntijWamWv. acWw AYhm, Poh\nÃmXncn¡Â \yq\XbpamWv. AÃmlp FÃm \yq\XIfn \n¶pw ]cnip²\msW¶Xv sImWvSv Xs¶, Ah\v Poh\pWvSmh F¶ hntijWw DWvSmbncn¡Â \nÀ_ÔamWv.
{]mamWnI sXfnhv
1. áÇ Çáå ÇáÇ åæ ÇáÍí ÇáÞíæã
2. æÊæßá Úáì ÇáÍí ÇáÐí áÇ íãæÊ
tIÄhn (kwAv)
AÃmlphn\v DWvSmbncn¡Â \nÀ_Ôamb hntijW§fnsem¶mWnXv. AÃmlphn\v ]tWvSbpÅXpw \ne\n¡p¶Xpw Hmtcm hkvXphnepw h¶ptNcp¶Xpamb Hcp hntijWamWnXv. AÃmlphn\pÅ tIÄhnbn AiàXbpWvSmhpI Fs¶m¶nÃ. ImcWw, AXnsâ ]qÀWXbnemWv Ahsâ AkvXnXzw cq]s¸Sp¶Xv. tIÄhn, ImgvN, kwkmctijn FÃmw AXnsâ ]qÀWamb cq]¯nemWv AÃmlphnsâ hntijW¯n \nesImÅp¶Xv. AsænÂ,
Ah³ AXns\ krjvSn¡p¶ kab¯v hyXykvXamb coXnbnemWv krjvSn¡m³ km[n¡pI. AXmIs« AÃmlphn\v DWvSmhm³ ]mSnà Xm\pw.
AÃmlphns\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw tIÄhn km[yamhm³ `mj, i_vZw XpS§nb am[ya§fpsSsbm¶pw BhiytabnÃ. kzaav (_[ncX) BWv kwCsâ t\Àhn]coX hntijWw. AÃmlphnsâ ZmXns\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw \njn²amb hntijWamWnXv.
_u²nI sXfnhv
AÃmlp Pohn¨ncn¡p¶h\mWv. Poh\pÅ GsXmcp hkvXphn\pw H¶pIn tIÄ¡m\pÅ tijn DWvSmbncn¡pw; Asæn tIÄhniàn CÃmXncn¡pw. H¶mat¯Xv (tIÄhn iànbpWvSmbncn¡Â) ]qÀWXbpsSbpsS hntijWhpw cWvSmat¯Xv (_[ncX/tIÄhniàn CÃmXncn¡Â) \yq\XbpsS e£WhpamWv. {kjvSmhns\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw \yq\Xbpw Ipdhpw Akw`hyamWv. AXn\m Xs¶ tIÄhnsb¶ hntijWw AÃmlphns\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw \nÀ_Ôambn¯ocp¶p.
{]mamWnI sXfnhv
1. Çääí ãÚßãÇ ÃÓãÚ æÃÑì
2. ÇÑÌÚæ Úáì ÃäÝÓßã ÝÇäßã áÇ ÊÏÚæä ÃÕã æáÇ ÛÇÆÈÇáÈÎÇÑí
ImgvN (_kzÀ)
AÃmlphn\v DWvSmh \nÀ_Ôamb Hcp hntijWamWnXv. AÃmlphn\v ]tWvSbpÅXpw Fs¶¶pw \ne\n¡p¶XpamWo hntijWw. Ah³ Ignªpt]mbXpw hcm\ncn¡p¶Xpamb kÀh hkvXp¡sfbpw ImWm³ IgnhpÅh\mWv. A Aam (AÔX) F¶XmWv _kzdnsâ t\Àhn]coX hntijWw. AÃmlphns\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw Akw`hyamWnXv.
_u²nI sXfnhv
AÃmlp Poh\pÅh\mWv. Poh\pÅ FÃm hkvXp¡fpw H¶pIn ImgvN iànbpsS KpWa\p`hn¡p¶hcmbncn¡pw; Asæn ImgvNbnÃm¯hcmbncn¡pw. ImgvNsb¶Xv k¼qÀWXbpw AÔXsb¶Xv \yq\XbpamWv. {kjvSmhns\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw \yq\X Akw`hyambXn\m ImgvNiàn F¶ hntijWw AÃmlphn\pWvSmh \nÀ_Ôambn¯ocp¶p.
{]mamWnI sXfnhv
1. æåæ ÇáÓãíÚ ÇáÈÕíÑ
2. áã ÊÚÈÏ ãÇ áÇ íÓãÚ æáÇ íÈÕÑ
JpZvdXv(IgnhpWvSmhÂ), CdmZXv(Dt±in¡Â), lbmXv(Poh\pWvSmhÂ), kwAv(tIÄhn), _kzdv(ImgvN), Iemw(kwkmctijn)þ CsXÃmw aB\n¿mb hntijW§fmWv kmt¦XnImÀ°¯nÂ. AXmbXv, Øncs¸«Xpw Bt]£nIhpw kmÀ°Ihpamb hntijW§Ä. AÃmlp IgnhpÅh\mhÂ, Dt±in¡p¶h\mhÂ, Adnbp¶h\mhÂ, Pohn¨ncn¡p¶h\mhÂ, tIÄ¡p¶h\mhÂ, ImWp¶h\mhÂ, kwkmcn¡p¶h\mh F¶XmWv aB\n¿mb hntijW§Ä sImWvSv Dt±in¡s¸Sp¶Xv. _u²nIambn kao]n¡pt¼mÄ Cu hntijW§fpsS `mKambn hcp¶Xpw AXv Ft¸mgpw IqsS DWvSmhp¶XpamWv. DZmlcWambn AÃmlphnsâ AkvXnXzw cq]s¸Sp¶Xn\v AdnhpÅh\mh F¶ hntijWw DWvSmbncn¡Â \nÀ_ÔamWv. CÂav(AdnbÂ) F¶ hntijWw DWvSmIpt¼mÄ am{XamWv AXv DWvSmbn¯ocp¶Xv.
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